Surfbirds News

BirdLife International’s annual Red List update – which takes into account population size, population trends and range size for all 10,000 bird species worldwide - states that 1,221 species are considered threatened with extinction and are to be listed as such on the 2007 IUCN Red List.

Waved Albatross © Lee Dingain

The latest update also shows an additional 812 bird species are now considered Near Threatened, adding up to a total of 2,033 species that are urgent priorities for conservation action.

The overall conservation status of the world’s birds has deteriorated steadily since 1988, when they were first comprehensively assessed. Now, more than a fifth (22%) of the planet’s birds is at increased risk of extinction.

The 2007 update has highlighted the deteriorating status of the world’s vultures: five more species have been ‘uplisted’ to higher categories of concern as a result of numerous threats. These include habitat loss, conversion and degradation (which remains the principal threat to all the world’s birds, impacting on 86% of Globally Threatened species), fewer feeding opportunities (as a result of declining wild ungulate populations on which to scavenge) and poisoning by the veterinary drug diclofenac – a factor behind rapid population declines in vultures across Asia in recent years.

Bird species restricted to oceanic islands continue to be among the world’s most threatened birds due mainly to the introduction of alien invasive species.

This year has seen St Helena Plover Charadrius sanctaehelenae uplisted to Critically Endangered, having suffered considerably in recent years from habitat degradation due to a proliferation in invasive plants and predation from cats, another invasive species. Likewise, Po’o-uli Melamprosops phaeosoma (known only from the Hawaiian island of Maui), has also become categorised as ‘Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct)’ after the death in captivity of the last known individual in 2004, and the failure to find any other individuals in the wild.

Another island-nesting species, Waved Albatross Diomedea irrorata (which breeds only in the Galapagos islands), has been categorised as Critically Endangered, as new evidence shows it is declining, primarily because of the expansion of commercial long-line fishing, in which birds attracted to bait are hooked and drown.

While the number of bird species included on the Red List increases, there is cause for encouragement: where conservation actions are put in place, species have shown signs of recovery.

Mauritius Parakeet Psittacula eques, which survives in south-west Mauritius (having become extinct historically on Réunion) has been downlisted (to Endangered) due to a highly successful recovery programme that has included release of captive-bred birds, measures to control predators and the provision of artificial nest sites. The programme has been led by the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, a conservation NGO that has worked closely with the Mauritian government.

Further good news is provided by Spectacled Petrel Procellaria conspicillata, downlisted from Critically Endangered to Vulnerable, after an increase from an estimated 1,000 pairs in the 1980s to some 10,000 pairs in 2006. The population increase is part of a long-term recovery largely in response to removal of pigs from its only breeding site, Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic, and has occurred despite losses to long-line fisheries.

Egyptian Vulture © Stephen Daly

Dr Stuart Butchart, BirdLife's Global Species Programme Coordinator said of this year’s Red List update:

“There are two sides to this story: whilst conservation efforts have been successful in recovering some species, there are more and more species slipping towards extinction. The challenge becomes greater each year.”

“But where efforts, resources and political will are directed, species can recover. Conservation works,” he said. “We just need much more of it in order to turn back the tide of impending extinctions.”

BirdLife’s revisions to Red List categories, and the associated documentation, including factsheets for all the world’s 10,000 bird species, can be found on the BirdLife website: visit www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html

FURTHER INFORMATION:

A total of 135 species are documented as having gone Extinct since 1500. A further four species are now Extinct in the Wild and survive only in captive populations. Fifteen species are categorised as Critically Endangered(Possibly Extinct) because they are likely to have gone extinct too, but cannot be designated as such until we are certain. Thus, a total of 154 species may have been lost in the last 500 years.

Three species have gone Extinct or Extinct in the Wild already this century: Spix's Macaw Cyanopsitta spixii (classified as Critically Endangered: Possibly Extinct in the Wild) in 2000, Hawaiian Crow Corvus hawaiiensis (classified as Extinct in the Wild) in 2002, and Po‘ouli Melamposops phaeosoma (classified as Critically Endangered: Possibly Extinct) in 2004. Brazil and Indonesia support the highest numbers of Globally Threatened Birds, with 119 each.

Forest is by far the most important habitat for Globally Threatened Birds, supporting 76% of species. Tropical/subtropical lowland and montane moist forest are the most important forest-types, supporting 40% and 30% of Globally Threatened Birds respectively.

Declines have been particularly severe for birds in the Indo-Malayan realm (owing to deforestation) and for the world’s albatrosses (owing to incidental mortality in longline fisheries).

1,221 species are considered threatened with extinction and included on the 2007 IUCN Red List. This represents 12.4% of the total of 9,821 extant bird species in the world.

Of the threatened species, 189 species are considered Critically Endangered and are therefore at extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

VULTURES

Five vulture species ‘uplisted’ in the 2007 Red List update: Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus (now Endangered), White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus (Near Threatened), Rueppell's Vulture Gyps rueppellii (Near Threatened), Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvu (Critically Endangered) and White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis (Vulnerable). For more information visit: vultures.birdlife.org